PREVIOUS : 4 Work Styles (#2)

SITE : “Working Styles Assessment

✒︎ 4 Attachment styles in the workplace 

Ongoing Research distinguishes between :
🔅 Personality Traits = static structural aspects of a person. Various Inventories are used, including the 5-factor model OCEAN = Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
AND
〽️ Style Factors = dynamic aspects of a person they use to fit into their environment. This focuses on the Theory of Work Engagement (TWA), the positive work-related state of mind (attitude), which includes : Absorption, Dedication & Vigor.
It’s the employee’s willingness to invest effort, feel enthusiastic, & even be captivated by their work.

 ❥ DIS-ENGAGEMENT & BURNOUT
Managing stress in the workplace is complicated because each employee processes stress in their own way, based on personality, work role & outside forces – such as complexities in their personal life. It’s up to employers, managers & mentors to put workers in the ‘right seat on the right bus’ in their organization.

Burnout is not the same as ‘normal’ daily stress. It’s defined as a “prolonged response to chronic inter-personal pressures on the job”, ending in physical exhaustion, mental cynicism, emotional detachment, & lack of accomplishment.

It occurs when employees use ineffective coping strategies to counteract work-related stress. The most likely candidates are the People-pleaser/ co-dependent, the Perfectionist & the Work-aholic.
Beating burnout requires attention, effort, vulnerability & intentional action. (MORE…) 

❥ COUNTER-STRESS
Conflicting work styles are common in the workplace. The majority of co-workers will likely have a different style from your own. This can be most obvious – & stressful – when someone is at the other end of the behavioral spectrum from you. In fact, 40% of people say their opposites are the most challenging types to work with.

However, very differing styles can complement each other, resulting in a more balanced, higher performing team.
Putting the time & effort into learning how to coordinate with reverse preferences can create a resilient partnership in the long run.

❥ COLLABORATION
Whether leader or team-member, it’s important to be flexible in order to value & respect what each person brings to the table. Being flexible means accepting that no one person has all the skill or qualities it takes to succeed.

We can’t change others, but we also must not deny or suppress our style by trying to match someone we fear or admire – if their way of functioning is very different from our own.
NOTE : Style differences do not excuse bad behavior

NEXT : Negative WORKERS (#1)

PREVIOUS : Work Styles, Part 1

“4 Types of SOCIAL STYLES” 

Work Styles are both :
✏︎ structural – the person’s skills & abilities in action, and
✏︎ dynamic – typical behavior & adjustment to their surroundings
Consequently:
NEG:  Even IF an employee is a good fit with their environment (can meet the requirements of the job)
BUT their work-style is not being used adequately or correctly
== then the person will not do a good job for the company / organization (poor ‘fit’)

POS :  However, even when the employee is not a good fit with the work environment (skill-set), their work-style can compensate so they can do their job well enough, & possibly even make their surroundings more manageable to increase their job satisfaction. 

Work style can also be expressed in 2 broad dimensions, in the form of a person’s social style, determined by the extent to which they’re perceived by others to be assertive & responsive.
‣ Assertiveness: how much a person expresses / stands up for themselves when responding to others in a social setting
‣ Responsiveness: the degree to which a person displays emotion, & how little or much they/re in control of them, or are responsive to other people’s emotions.

• Analytics & Drivers thrive in a stressful environment
These employees who aren’t challenged enough may distance themselves from work and become cynical.
• Amiables & Expressives thrive in low-stress jobs
Frenetic employees burdened by too much work & pressure to accomplish – will get overloaded & exhausted. Some may even shut down & give up.

ANALYTICS (ANAs) and AMIABLES (AMIs) interacting
❕ANAs are direct & quick to decide that they want, AMIs usually want to gather information before making a decision, but also are non-confrontational.
❕Since ANAs are the more dominant type, they often assert their will, & AMIs will often give in.

❕Yet ANAs need AMIs to accomplish their vision, since the latter have the ability to zoom into the details, think things through slowly, & be very practical.
❕But ANAs can also get very frustrated by the AMI’s desire to discuss every step22 of the process.

Both types want verbal recognition for their accomplishments.
❕But since ANAs are impatient, they may not notice or will ignore all the effort & thoroughness AMIs have put in, so don’t express their appreciation. The AMI can easily end up feeling upset, even rejected.

❕Since ANAs are quick to act, AMIs can see that work-style as impulsive & careless. Alternately, since AMIs are so attuned to the “the finer points”, ANAs may take that style as criticism or a judgement of their way of getting thing done.

❕When under stress & frustrated, ANAs can express it in very aggressive body language & tone of voice, which AMIs respond to by withdrawing. Neither want to deal with he emotional side of conflicts, leaving the issues unresolved, leading to resentment & work disruption.

🔅One ‘plus’ is that since neither style is mainly “people oriented”, they tend to be self-sufficient & independent, which could help them appreciate this about each other.

Suggestions to ANALYTICs when dealing with AMIABLEs
‣ Slow down your pace, giving them time to process change & to make decisions
‣ Give them clear & detailed information, with as much detail & facts at your disposal
‣ Expect them to want project parameters, so try not to get frustrated. Be careful to not use aggressive language & physical / facial movements

‣ In discussions, expect them to voice questions, doubts & objections about the details provided. This may seem like criticism, but actually they’re just trying to get things right, so don’t take it personally.

NEXT : 4 Work Styles #3

PREVIOUS :  Healthy rules for ACoA

SITEs : “How to Successfully Work from Home  in 7 Steps”

“Establishing your work style”

What is WORK STYLE?
It’s the way a person prefers to plan & then get their work tasks accomplished, as well as how they communicate professionally with others.
If they’re using the work style that’s most natural to them, they’ll function at peak performance, in a state of ‘flow’. If they consistently use their style, it eliminates burnout – & they’re much more likely to enjoy their accomplishments.

Managers need to recognize & engage employees’ working styles. When teams are formed by combining the qualities & skills of each type, the entire business benefits, by increased cooperation among members.   (MANY links – re. jobs related to different personal characteristics)

The following 4 styles are a representative sample. Combined complementary styles work well together – some of the most popular being #3 with 4, or #1 & 4.

 RESEARCH (Bayl-Smith & Griffin, Australia)
Work Styles are part of the theory of work-adjustment, an important aspect of how people maintain & adjust to (‘fit’ with)  their work environment. Person-Environment (P-E) Fit Theory, in industrial & organizational psychology, are used to look at job :
— recruitment & selection
— attitudes, behavior & performance
— tenure & withdrawal (staying or leaving)

P-E focuses more on snapshot measurements, based on people’s overall consistent responses to their jobs & companies.
However, to cope with all the dynamic variations in the work-world, (tech changes, mergers & acquisitions, globalization….) people do have to change their thinking, abilities & motivations, if they’re going to keep up with career shifts & hang on to job security. 

Accounting for these various responses has led to the Theory of Work-Adjustment (TWA). It suggests that :
— satisfactory work-performance is a result of the successful correlation between a person’s abilities & the requirements of their work-environment (demands-abilities fit)
— job satisfaction comes from the positive connection between the needs of the employee & the available ‘values’ provided by the  company / organization (needs-supply fit).

This chart indicates how people with each of the 4 different work styles will likely deal with the ‘issues’ listed.
Work styles were originally believed to only be an expression of personality traits, the result of :
a. “experimentation & reinforcement”-learning, being solidified in childhood (see research re. aggression), and
b. that such traits gradually diminish with age.

However, with more study about personality, work-styles are more likely an expression of a mixture of what a person believes (cognitions), their social position, & the limitations of their environment. Work styles are made up of :
⚬ Celerity – how quickly an employee usually starts working
⚬ Pace – the usual amount of energy put into tasks (effort)
⚬ Rhythm – typical way they go about doing things (pattern)
⚬ Endurance – how long they stick to tasks (MORE…..)

Degrees 
Celerity
People with HI levels will start jobs early & respond quickly to task components
Those with LO levels tend to delay starting a task or making decisions
Pace
People with HI levels are always busy with work, using lots of energy, while LO levels show as being sluggish, un-motivated, maybe seen as lazy
Rhythm  (steady <—> erratic)
Steady = functions at the same level of effort, whether hi or lo
Unstable / erratic = unpredictable, more easily affected by their environment
Endurance
HI levels = maintain effort over long periods, such as needed for long-term projects
LO levels = not completing tasks, or giving up
NOTE: A person with LO endurance but HI effort (celerity) will delay starting, but once engaged will work energetically.

NEXT : WORK STYLE Types (#2)

PREVIOUS : Dissociation #6

POSTs : “Toxic Family Rules”

“SYNOPSIS: Unhealthy vs Healthy Family RULES”

NEXT :

PREVIOUS : Dissociation – styles

SITEs : How to Integrate the Brain & Prevent Dissociation After Trauma

⬅️ “JOURNEY to RECOVERY, a 10-step process” Although everyone’s journey of mental health recovery is unique, this roadmap works for many…. Recovery takes time, so the bulk of our effort is spent in steps 7-9.

‼️ The moment ACoAs anticipate upcoming stressful situation  that’s familiar, many of us tend to hold our breath, activating the fight / flight / freeze response. This increases body stiffness & anxiety.

♥️ By making intelligent USE of the ParaSympathetic Nervous System (PSNS) we can hack our body’s nervous system for stress relief. (See Intro post).

To encourage its activation, we can stimulate the VAGUS NERVE (VN) – the longest cranial nerve, which runs from the brain all the way to the abdomen, & branches into various key organs such as heart, lungs & digestive tract.
It’s a counter-balance to the fight / flight system, so stimulating it can create a calming effect throughout the body.
(Symptoms of VN dysfunction).

PHYSICAL ways to stimulate the Vagus Nerve
Breathing
Since the human mind processes one thing at a time, when we’re totally focused on the rhythm of our breathing it’s harder to focus on pressure & pain. (MORE….)

ACTIVITY (“Nasal breathing & the brain“)
• Inhale through nose <— & exhale through mouth —>
• Slower – aim for 6 breaths per minute
• Deeper, from the belly – as you inhale, expand abdomen & widen rib cage
• Exhale longer than inhale – to trigger the Relaxation Response

Cold – immerse forehead, eyes & at least 2/3 of both cheeks into cold water. (turns on the immune system)
– go outside in shorts in the wintertime (briefly)

Oral – gargle loudly with water, chew gum or suck on hard candy
• loud singing stimulates vocal cords, activating the VN
• laughter: lifts mood, & boosts the immune system

Nutrition – a probiotic & Omega-3-rich diet strengthens the VN brain-gut axis
• eating fiber stimulates vagus impulses to the brain, slowing gut movements, making us feel fuller after meals

Self-massage – gentle pressure on ribcage, & both abdomen sides (viscera)
• up & down the neck & directly behind the ears into the hairline
• EFT tapping, to move energy & emotions through the body (works on dissociation)
• palpate temples by hand or with air-filled ball
• feet – gently or firmly touch / massage them.

SITE : “7 Ways to stimulate Vagus Nerve” (psychologically)

SELF-HELP for Dissociation
Connecting – Withdrawal from others is a common symptom of trauma. So it’s important to regularly stay in touch with SAFE support groups, therapy, friends, family. Ask for help. Get hugs!

Grounding our mind & body is the key to dealing with dissociation – connecting us back into the here-&-now.- via mindfulness (not meditation).
It’s an ability we already have, we just need to be taught how to access it.  Some methods :
— Taking short pauses we insert into our everyday schedule
— Inner Child Guided Visualizations –  lying down, but can lead to sleep
— Listening to Recovery podcasts – seated, walking
— Merge mindfulness with other activities such as yoga, sports, standing in line , long walks, house cleaning …

Movement – research says aerobic exercise can be an effective therapy for people with PTSD, about 30 minutes a day.

Self-care – avoid alcohol & drugs, eat balanced meals, sleep 7–9 hrs a night, relieve stress with creative & fun activities

PSYCHOTHERAPY for Dissociation
🔸CBT = Cognitive behavioral therapy. It’s designed to help you notice, identify & change negative thoughts & stop harmful behavior.

🔸EMDR = Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing. May help to stop nightmares, flashbacks or other PTSD symptoms.

🔸Hypnotherapy. It may feel easier to explore & process painful memories when in a relaxed state. Only to be done by a professional certified in hypnosis, dissociative disorders & PTSD

🔸 PTT = Phasic Trauma Treatment. Aim is to help stop suicidal thoughts or self-destructive behavior first. Then traumatic memories can be slowly processed

🔸Family Therapy = It may be helpful to get support from a spouse, partner, or other loved one if available

▶︎ Add-on medication. Antiti-depressants or other drugs to help with anxiety or sleep problems.

😻

RECOVERY BENEFITS 
• Be able to see parts of others different from our own
• Catch on to fake reopen & their facades
• Comprehend layers of our own truth
• Develop genuine, heart-felt compassion
• Gain humility & respect for Self & others
• See that “bad” behavior isn’t always what it seems
• Solve problem creatively
• Truly understand another person’s perspective

NEXT : Power – Negative Worker Types #1

PREVIOUS : Dissociation – Memory

 ⬆️ CHART : “Trauma : Normal Stress to Disorder“

MILD
Normal (non-pathological) Dissociation
 “The essence is being ABSORBED – an intensely focused mental concentration & involvement in one or more aspects of conscious awareness, to the exclusion of other content from the phenomenal field.
The ‘adaptive’ function of absorption is to be able to complete specific necessary mental processes, although at the expense of tracking intervening events.”
EXP :  One second you’re fully focused on driving or taking to a friend…. & the next your mind is wandering to food shopping or worrying about your children…..

Trauma TYPES 
🔻Acute dissociation – from a single event, extreme enough to threaten the person’s emotional or physical security
🔻Chronic – from repeated & prolonged abuse. Very distressing symptoms may appear early on, or only years after the original event(s) when triggered by some current event that mirrors the original experiences
🔻Complex – exposure to varied & multiple harmful events, often invasive & inter-personal, but also from dangerous environments & civil unrest – giving the person a feeling of being trapped.
▪️Secondary or vicarious trauma – symptoms develop from ongoing close contact with a PTSD trauma victim / survivor

MORE SEVERE
REVIEW : Experiencing traumatic events results in overwhelming PMES distress, actually changing the structure & function of the brain, so it’s no wonder we have strong mental & physical sensations from terrible childhood events.  ➡️ BRAIN SCANS

MRI images show that ongoing severe stressors during childhood can shrink key parts of the brain,.
The “Adverse Childhood Experiences Study” (ACEs) underscored the negative impact of trauma on later-life health & well-being, such as drug & alcohol abuse, mental illness, suicide, cancer & chronic, & life-shortening diseases.   (⬅️ More….)
 SITE: “4 Ways Childhood Trauma Changes a Child’s Brain & Body”

When psychologically overwhelmed, all human beings look for safety. But many times that can’t be met by the external world when needed, so we shift to internal safety – withdrawal.
Dissociation is the mind’s “last resort”, the freeze response when fight or flight isn’t possible. It’s the nervous system kicking in to protect us from unbearable awareness.

Many factors determine how badly the traumatic events will affect a person. It will depend on :
∇ their basic personality
∇ the presence of other mental health conditions
∇ previous exposure to traumatic events
∇ type & characteristics of the event(s)
∇ person’s background & approach to dealing with emotions
∇ the degree (or lack of) their trust in a Higher Power

Dissociation Levels
a. Temporary ‘spacing out’ because of current pressures.
EXP: During a job interview or a first date, you’re so nervous it’s hard to think. Afterwards, you can’t remember most of what happened.
It may seem like losing your memory, but actually – the memory was not formed. Dr. Ira Fischler suggests “When memories for specific emotionally-laden events appear lost (a “blackout”), it’s most often because our attention during the event was not on the interaction itself”

b. Episodic – Dissociating can occur in people who usually function well, but as a result of too many stressors or responsibilities piled up in too short a time, (family trouble, work problems, health issues….all at once), so the mind takes a little vacation

c. Long-term – feeling disconnected to one’s True Self, in reaction to intense distress, such as a very painful breakup or divorce, death of a child or long-term mate, a house fire, a hold-up or purse-snatch, serving in a war zone (as PTSD-DS).… & can take months or years to recover from. The person may still seem to be functioning , OR not be able to function well at all.

 NOTE: Red dots indicate the experiences over several years of one high-functioning ACoA, before & during the early years of Recovery. As indicated, the person’s specific dissociative reactions fall into different categories & levels, rather than limited to one ‘style’.
These experiences were short lived & rare, but generally triggered by an abandonment flashback, mainly occurring in present-day locations or groups similar to those in childhood. The 2 larger dots indicate the more intense experiences.

* This suggests that a wounded adult can go thru life with normal developmental experiences (career, relationships, creative outlets… ) but still have moments of disconnection which can’t be seen by others, yet are the result of long-term childhood trauma.
It also shows that many ACoAs have great inner strength,   resilience & intelligence, which has helped them survive & eventually thrive – with the right kind of help & hard work.

NEXT : Dissociation – HEALING

PREVIOUS : Dissociation – Emotions

SITEs : “How Human Memory Works“

“Forgotten Memories of Traumatic Events Get Some Backing from Brain-Imaging Studies”

MEMORIES  = Different types are stored across different inter-connected brain regions ⬇️
▫️Explicit ones are about events that happened to you (episodic), as well as general facts & information (semantic).
▫️Implicit ones don’t require deliberate recall of past events or info (learned motor skills), & we can access them without even trying

Short-term working memories rely most heavily on the prefrontal cortex, carried to the brain’s structural core where they’re compared with existing ones & then stored in long-term memory.
This process occurs in an instant, but is not always perfect, because incoming information races from neuron to neuron. If a particular route is not used often, the transmission may be incomplete, leading to either a faulty memory or none at all.

Normal memories are a combination of :
❖ Narrative – context or story of what’s happening (RED : I’m walking to grandmother’s house with a basket of cupcakes)

✿ Sensory – (I can see the trees & smell the flowers in the woods, feel the red cape on my back…)

★ Emotional – (I’m a little worried about rumors of the big, bad wolf in the forest)

When heavily traumatized, especially as children, our memories get separated into one or more these 3 components. It’s suggested that the brain does this to keep functioning & not ‘crash’ or be physically injured.
And in Complex Trauma, barriers are formed between parts of Self, to keep excruciating memories away from daily functioning parts.

Dissociation & MEMORY
Dissociation is mainly about repressed or forgotten memories. The brain can hide those that are particularly terrifying from trauma. This is long or short-term protection when the emotional pain of events are too intense. But in the long run, suppressed memories can create serious mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, PTSD & dissociative disorders (DD) (More….)

The brain is designed to memorize & retain info it considers important for our survival & for adapting to our environment.
IF it doesn’t store info at all or dissociates from an event, it’s the mind’s hardwired protection, so don’t assume there’s something wrong with your mental ability.
★ In fact – it’s an adaptive mechanism we should respect & value. (POSTS: “INFO : How the Brain Learns“)

The brain stores the parts of experiences it considers vital, & “forgets” the rest. With extreme stress, such memories are suppressed, because the brain :
♦︎ is temporarily out of power & can’t encode anything more
♦︎ considers that the memories may jeopardize survival, so stores them in a different place, or
♦︎ is working to keep the person afloat, so ‘assumes’ it’s unnecessary to store the memory in an accessible way.

EXP re. memory components: If Little Red Riding Hood (OR any ACoA) goes to therapy, she (he) might say :

Option 1. “I keep picturing a wolf in the woods, but that doesn’t make sense, not like a real memory. Did that even happen?”
Option 2. Or – she smells tree & flower scents when not in the forest, & that makes her feel uneasy (or crazy)

Option 3. Or – just feels anxiety / panic, but doesn’t know why
Option 4. Or – she can have all 3 symptoms & not know they’re all about one experience (Modified from “Memory Fragments & Reassociation“)

♦︎ She (he) / you did encounter the wolf (bad parents, spouses, bosses….) & survived, but the traumatic events have remained as fragmented memories – making the person doubt themself.
☁︎ The brain doesn’t register experiences as ‘real’ unless they include all 3 memory-parts, & will only reconnect them when we feels ‘safe’ enough.

POSITIVE : Fortunately this is do-able, by talking to safe knowledgable people about our experiences of ‘possible’ verbal & physical attacks. Pairing a feeling state with either a sensory memory or the narrative (the knowing of what happened) is the first proof the event was REAL.

Even when dissociation is a symptom of trauma (but not as mental illness), it can also be considered a skill. Not remembering horrible experiences has the advantage of allowing a person to see things from fresh perspectives, making room for the capacity to be surprised, & leaving mental space for learning new skills.

NEXT : Dissociation – Styles

PREVIOUS : Dissociation – Brain

SITE : “Why Can’t I FEEL? Dissociation & Emotional Detachment in Response to Trauma

REMINDER : this topic is NOT about DID (Multiple Pers.)

Dissociation & EMOTIONS 
Dissociation is a way to avoid painful emotions, trying to protect a fragile ’Self’. It can occur in the process of being wounded in PMES ways, or later as a long-standing defense (mental habit). If it becomes an automatic response every time we experience intense emotions, is will be hard to undo.

Children can develop dissociation as a coping mechanism when parents do not teach their children emotional regulation skills, who las adults don’t know how to cope with ‘big’ feeling when they surface, & so are overwhelmed by them.

The benefits of dissociation may seem obvious – avoiding specific hurts or endless suffering – but the cost is enormous.  By suppressing unwanted feelings, we not only lose the capacity to experience painful ones, but also pleasant & passionate ones, reducing the joy of living. (see POSTs: ACoAs & Emotions)

ACoAs  – As adults, many ACoAs are cut off from our ‘true’ emotions, living in our head. This is so even for those who seem ‘very emotional & dramatic’. The first style comes mainly from being stuck in the Left Brain & the second mainly in the Right.

Ironically, in neither version are we actually experiencing the original pain – only the defensive ones that cover. The original trauma-emotions (loneliness, frustration, hurt, sadness, rage, terror…) are dissociated, cut off.
The most common defense against feeling them is self-hate, blaming ourselves for ‘causing’ our suffering.

This numbing started in childhood, but the pain of each abusive & neglectful moment doesn’t go away – it just accumulates & goes underground – over the months & years of growing up. In the present, this pile-up of emotions will inevitably show as constant anxiety, low-grade depression & anger-outbursts.

• One way this dissociation shows up is temporary muteness – we’re so ‘shocked’ by what someone does or says that we can’t say anything in the moment.
↖️ This is called TONIC Immobility.
Later of course we think “I wish I had said….”.  This happens when our emotion-center (Limbic system) is overwhelmed, called Flooding, so the thinking brain is temporarily unavailable

• Another way is not being upset when someone manipulates, controls, disappoints or otherwise hurts us – if ever, but maybe until months or years later, when the upset finally dawns.

• It can also show up as a disparity between what we’re saying & the expression on our face – describing a traumatic event we experienced while smiling or laughing!

• The most common form of emotional dissociation is seen in the person who grew up in an emotionally & verbally abusive violent, home but will say AND is convinced they had an OK childhood & that their parents loved them. NOT.

The way we can know they’re in denial is by observing the many ways their life is dysfunctional, even if they’re intelligent & hard-working.

RECOVERY EXERCISE : To undo dissociation we need to become aware of / stay awake for AND accept all our emotions, but this isn’t fast or easy.
Until then – start by checking in with yourself at the end of each day by simply writing down every activity & event – up to 6 words pr item.
THEN list every emotion you might have had for each – as if you had felt something – even if you didn’t notice anything at the time.

EXP : Your ex called today about something, the boss was being a pain, the dog threw up, the car wouldn’t start…. & it didn’t bother you, or you ignored the knot in your stomach.
But by the end of the day, you’re probably feeling down or very cranky, but don’t know why.
You might have dissociated from your anger, frustration, grief, guilt, loneliness, sadness, maybe even relief….

GROWTH : Eventually, by paying attention (Mindfulness), you’ll start to associate events & emotions.
Along the way,
✿ learn how to comfort yourself when upset (& do it)
❖ be in charge of how you express emotions as they surface.
❣️Also give yourself credit for positive changes in behavior.
(Posts : “ACoAs – Accessing emotions” and “ACoAs – Accepting Emotions”

SITE : Biology of Emotions

NEXT : Dissociation & Memory

PREVIOUS : Dissociation – Intro

SITE : “Changing the Emotional Association of Memories“

“Sane” DISSOCIATION (Diss – NOT DD) is one of the most common defenses developed by ACoAs, starting in childhood. Because it’s so much a part of PMES survival, many of us are not even aware of how & when it manifests now. It doesn’t have to be dramatic (like losing time) but can occur in subtle ways throughout daily routines, where we’re not present for ourselves  – like not ‘noticing’ the emotional sting of an insult.

When children are mistreated, their overall development is  negatively affected. Chronic mis-attunement, neglect or other parental abuses can severely harm the baby’s brain, impairing the corpus callosum – the main connecting pathway between Right & Left hemispheres (We are “Wired to Connect”)(⤵️ More….)

Diss. involved temporary or long-term emotional numbness & mental detachment. In actual experience, the more severe form is similar to alcohol blackouts – no matter how brief – because we don’t remember what we said or did while being ‘out of it’, but without ingesting a drink or drug. (See next post re. MEMORY dissociation).

Even so, it IS chemical 
Aaron Kucyi et.al., neuroscientists at Northeastern, scanned people’s brains using fMRI. They found that a specialized area – the ‘default mode network‘ (DMN) connected to several other networks – has to do with controlling or maintaining a train of thought. (➡️ CHART info)

The DMN is active when a person is not focused on the outside world & the brain is at wakeful rest, such as during daydreaming or mind-wandering. This may explain that being distracted comes from the brain’s ability to go ‘down a mental rabbit hole’.
DMN can also be activated when thinking about oneself, about others, remembering the past or planning for the future – i.e. not being in the present.

The research also found a noticeable lack of connection between the DMN & attention networks – such as those that provide sensory input – making it harder to be aware of our immediate environment. All this research indicates that dis-connecting is actually a dynamic & fundamental function of our psychology.” (MORE….)

Disrupted DMN connectivity between brain regions for too long can change the way a person perceives events, as well as social & moral reasoning, increasing their susceptibility to depressive symptoms. Weakened network linkage was associated with anxiety & dysfunctional attachment patterns, found in people who have experienced long-term trauma, both in childhood & as adults.
SITE: “Brain connections predict how well you can pay attention“

The NERVOUS SYSTEM : Under normal circumstances, 2 versions of the Nervous System function alternately to keeps us in balance –
🔺Sympathetic (SNS), from the(FPN) fronto-parietal network, is mainly geared to mobilization, preparing the body for action when stressed.
AND the opposite is —
🔻Parasympathetic (PSNS), using acetylcholine as its primary neurotransmitter, is in charge of the body’s “resting & digesting” functions, meant to act as a brake. It tells the body it’s okay to slow down, take deep breaths & relax.

A well-functioning PSNS provides the ability to recover from a distressing trigger by deactivating, to digest, play, rest, & again relate to others in an intimate way.

However, exposure to extreme threat, particularly early in life, combined with a lack of adequate caregiving – limits a person’s long-term ability to balance the responses of these 2 systems when facing future troubles.

Disassociation is mainly activated by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) when we’re under great duress, either by a current event or from past trauma being triggered, also producing ‘freeze’ & temporary muteness)

The brain is flooded with reality-escaping endorphins, dulling the ‘thinking’ brain (neocortex). Changes in cerebral blood flow leads to a failure-to-engage, distorting perceptions (depersonalization & derealization) & impairing memory encoding-&-retrieval.

Constant stress also results in adrenal fatigue, causing a drop in cortisol levels, producing “endogenous opioids as a form of analgesia” (naturally formed numbing chemicals).
Such physical effects make us distracted & detached, missing all or parts of what’s going on around us.

Parasympathetic imbalance shows up as dissociation  :
▫️Physically – suppressed hormones, heart rate & blood pressure, also diarrhea, dizziness & sleep disturbance
▫️Emotionally – feeling confused, numb, slow, reactive
▫️Socially – feeling disconnected, rushed, & stuck in anger or sadness, leading to depression.

NEXT: Dissociation (Part 2)

PREVIOUS : Corporate Culture – positive

SITE: A 3-Step Approach to Treating Trauma-Related Dissociation,

✿ “The Star Model for Treating Childhood Dissociation” (w/ good overview info)
✿ “Working with Dissociation“

NOTE : This topic is NOT about ‘Dissociative Disorder” (‘split / multiple personality’)  in which the mind creates separate identities who are not aware of each other, to deal with extreme childhood trauma.

IMPORTANT : In this category, the person has only one identity. Also, this type of dissociation does not interfere with or distort ego states (wounded & healthy Child, rational Adult, Introject….) which are legitimate aspects of Personality. However one or more of these PARTS may be hidden from oneself in the dissociated state. 

🚩         🚩        🚩
DEF : NON-pathological (Normal) Dissociation is a defense mechanism used to cope with distressing or overwhelming emotions, usually but not always linked to a history of trauma.
A person can experience occasional or periodic disconnects of self-awareness, deliberately ‘zoning out’ to get thru a stressful situation (unpleasant medical procedure, deeply concentrating on a project….)
EXPs:
🔸Day dreaming – allowing the mind to wander where it  needs or wants to go
🔸Deliberately induced trance states & religious ecstasy
🔸Engaged in peak experiences, losing self-awareness & time, maybe with moments of de-realization (apart from surroundings) or de-personalization (from self)
🔸Immersed in recreation – a psychological vacation from life’s hardships
🔸Successfully engaged in activity of personal significance (prayer, sex, meditation).

Research indicates that 80-90% of the general population report occasional dissociative symptoms (only about 2% experience DID).

➤ There are different types & in varying degrees, falling on a continuum :
▫️from feeling ‘jumpy’ to feeling nothing at all
▫️disconnecting from the words of the book you’re reading, to disconnecting from your body’s sensations
▫️from very short-lived mental breaks to more permanent withdrawal
▫️from forgetting where you left the keys, to forgetting years of your life.

1. MIND-WANDERING is a mild form of dissociation, considered a stable personality trait, as a transient mental state, in 3 types:
❖ Positive constructive imagining (how vivid your thoughts are)
▪️Guilty fear of failure (how many of those thoughts are guilt- or fear-based
▪︎ Poor attentional control (how deep you go into alternate thoughts).

In general it’s when our mind doesn’t stay on a single topic for very long, especially when involved in a demanding activity we know very well (like driving…. an EXP of mental Decoupling). Being internally preoccupied reduces cortical processing of the external environment, so we tend not to notice or remember what happened around us.
Task-unrelated (meaningless) mind-wandering is common in depressed people, or when intoxicated. (MORE….)

EXP: Mind-LESS reading is mental wandering into unrelated thoughts & feelings while the eyes continue to scan the words without paying attention to their meaning. Decoupling reduces absorbing information from our senses, breaking down the connection between reader & text.

BOOK : “The Wandering Mind: Understanding Dissociation from Daydreams to Disorders”

2. DETACHMENT, a Sub-type of PTSD is a more intense non-pathological form of dissociation : an altered state of awareness with a separation from some everyday experience, in which the medial prefrontal cortex interferes with (shuts down) the normal working of the limbic system in its processing of emotion.
(➡️Chart)

It shows up as one or more disturbances of a person’s :
• emotional experience (numbed, spaced out)
• a sense of self (depersonalization – feeling unreal, like in a dream)
• physical perception (outside observer of one’s body)
• sense of the world (flat, lifeless & “strange”).

NOTE : Dissociation (non-responsiveness) is usually associated with past trauma, with a desire to escape painful emotions. However, temporary detachment-dissociation can also have more immediate causes, not necessarily trauma-based, such as :
✫ daily stress – current, momentary, accumulated 
✫ impaired sleep patterns – deprivation significantly increases dissociative symptoms
✫ rumination – the repetitive focus on past distressing events or worry about the future, with pessimism, negative inner speech, depression, anxiety & sadness.
Researchers found that thinking about the past or future both contributed to negative mental states, keeping our attention on the present decreased dissociative episodes.

↗️ vm PFC = ventromedial prefrontal cortex
▪︎ BLA = baso-lateral amygdala  ▪︎ PAG = periaqueductal gray
▪︎ CMA = bilateral centro-medial amygdala

NEXT : Dissociation – Brain