PREVIOUS : Noticing LIES & LYING – Intro (Part 1)

SITE : Lie Detection & the Polygraph

HANDHELD “Portable Lie Detector /Deception Indicator”

 

Psychological Model of Lies
Motivation : Prosocial – to benefit others, or Antisocial – for purely selfish reasons.
Lying ability is identified from 3 sources: lying theory, neuro-imaging research, & experimental studies. It involves several cognitive processes : Inhibitory Control, Intelligence, Task switching, Verbal fluency & Working Memory.

Very important —-> Lies :
🔻 are associated with physical arousal
🔻 are linked with intense, painful emotions (often suppressed)
🔻 require greater cognitive effort than truthful messages
🔻 prompt liars to over-control their behaviors.

EQ expert Dr. Lansley at ‘Emotional Intelligence Academy’ says
“When we’re truthful, there is a consistency, flow, harmony & spontaneity between what we think & feel. All we have to do is remember an event & then describe it.

However, with a lie, there’s much more going on ‘under the hood’. A liar has to : ❁ Create the lie
❁ Remember any lies they’ve told in the past, so the new one doesn’t contradict them
❁ Assess whether their lie is being believed
❁ Try to show any appropriate actions & emotional displays that will support their story
❁ Control any behavior that would look out of place
❁ Commit the lie to memory to be sure they’ll be able to accurately retell it later (wikiHow “How to Lie”)

Categories
☞ Half-Truths – statements that offer only part of the truth, used deliberately to deceive someone.
☞ Exaggerations – statements that represent something as better or worse than it really is
☞ Complete Deception – causing someone to accept as true or valid what is false or invalid
☞ Pertinent Omissions –  information not included or action not done, either deliberately or accidentally.

1. CHANNELS = When lying, the constant flip-flopping between emotional stress & mental activity, with the intense competition for resources between the 2, can be overwhelming. This causes behavioral leakage (acting out) that betrays the liar across any one of the 6 channels of communication, which are a person’s  :

◆ Body : movements of all parts except the face
◆ Face : expressions formed in bulges, creases & furrows from movements of one or more of the 43 face muscles
◆ Inter-actional Style : how we say or write words & phrases
◆ Psycho-physiology : perspiration, temperature & breath rate.
◆ Voice : ‘music’ of the voice, including pitch, volume & tone
◆ Verbal Content : what we say or write

2. ABCs 
• Account  = the story someone’s trying to convey
• Baseline = the person’s overall behavior (see Part 1)
• Context = combined influence of the immediate micro setting (current questioning) ++ the broader macro context of culture, politics, events (what, where…_).
Leakage reactions, called Points of Interest (PIns), become very useful in lie-detection because they highlight inconsistent in the deceptive ‘story’, in contrast to the ABCs .

3. CLUSTERS – Successful Deception-Detection is all about groups of behaviors. Since no single indicator is proof of lying, PIns become important when clustered with other PIns, & when those don’t fit with with the ABCs ▲.
To form more accurate & reliable judgements, clusters are needed to cross-check or corroborate evidence via the communication channels ▲. This prevents over-reacting to only 1 or 2 indicators from the same channel
EXP: By themselves, Frowning + Pursed lips are not enough proof of lying. They could mean being confused or taking time to remember or evaluate the best/safest way to answer – without lying.

Clusters follow the ‘3-2-7 Rule’ to detect someone’s game :
✒︎ 3 PIns in the ABCs
✒︎ found in 2 or more channels
✒︎ within 7 seconds of the meaning point** of a stimulus** .
In other words, if you’re paying attention, & are in practice,
you can catch on that you’re being lied to 🤥 as fast as within 7 seconds of being surprised by a Q, a boundary-invasive probe or a convoluted explanation / story —->  by observing :
◆ 3 inconsistencies inside the comment or story presented
◆ which are expressed by 2 or more body ‘hints’ of the speaker.

** The ‘meaning point’ of a question is the moment a person understands where the question is going ——>, but not necessarily where it will end up (a conclusion)
** In most cases, the ‘stimulus’ refers to an unexpected question or probe from someone
When used correctly, this formula is incredible effective for catching deception.

NEXT : Type of Liars, #1